What are the symptoms of epilepsy?
Understanding the different symptoms of epilepsy can help you to recognise when someone is having a seizure and provide them with appropriate first aid or treatment to keep them safe throughout.
Epilepsy is a common neurological condition that affects 65 million people worldwide. A key symptom of epilepsy is fits or seizures caused by excessive electrical activity in the brain.
Many people don’t realise that there are different types of epileptic seizure and not all seizures cause the body to shake or jerk around.
People with epilepsy can experience a whole host of different symptoms during a seizure and symptoms of epilepsy can vary in people of different ages.
In this article, we will explore the different types of seizure and the signs and symptoms of epilepsy in adults, children, and babies.
Different types of seizure
There are many different types of seizure and not all seizures are caused by epilepsy.
The type of seizure and symptoms experienced depends on which part of the brain is affected.
Most seizures are described as either focal onset seizures or generalised onset seizures.
Focal onset seizures
Focal onset seizures affect one area of the brain, whilst generalised onset seizures affect both sides of the brain simultaneously.
Seizures are also categorised depending on whether a person is aware that they are experiencing a seizure or not.
If the person experiencing the seizure knows that they are having one, then this is called a focal aware seizure.
Symptoms of a focal aware seizure may include:
- Sudden intense feelings of fear or joy.
- Feelings of déjà vu.
- A general strange or uneasy feeling.
- A “rising” feeling in your stomach.
- Stiffness or twitching.
- Unusual smells or tastes.
- Difficulty speaking.
- Nausea.
If a person falls unconscious during a seizure or loses awareness, this is called a focal impaired awareness seizure.
Symptoms of a focal impaired seizure may include:
- Going limp or becoming stiff.
- Jerking movements.
- Making a loud noise.
- Staring into space and not responding.
- Performing repetitive movements such as kicking or waving.
- Lip-smacking, chewing, or other mouth movements.
- Repeating words.
Generalised onset seizures
Usually, a person experiencing a generalised onset seizure will be unconscious and have no memory of the seizure after regaining consciousness.
There are many different types of generalised onset seizures including:
- Absence seizures
- Tonic seizures
- Atonic seizures
- Clonic seizures
- Myoclonic seizures
- Tonic-clonic seizures
Some symptoms of a generalised seizure include:
- Staring blankly into space and losing awareness.
- Stiffening of muscles.
- Losing consciousness and falling over.
- Jerking or twitching muscle movements.
- Losing control of the bladder or bowels.
Having a good understanding of the different symptoms of epilepsy can help you to efficiently identify the type of seizure a person is experiencing and then provide appropriate first aid or treatment.
Symptoms of epilepsy in children and babies
Epilepsy is a condition that affects children and babies as well as adults. In fact, it is thought that about 1 in every 220 children have epilepsy.
Children and babies with epilepsy may find that the condition disappears as they get older, or they may have it for their whole life.
There are many different causes of epilepsy in children. For some children, it may be a condition that they are predisposed to as it runs in their family, or it could be caused by a genetic mutation, health condition, illness, or injury. Sometimes the cause of epilepsy in a child is never known.
Symptoms in children
Children experience many of the same symptoms of epilepsy and seizures as adults. The exact symptoms that a child experiences depends on their age and the type of seizure they have.
Some signs to look out for and symptoms that some children experience when having an epileptic fit include:
- Jerking movements of arms and legs.
- Stiffening of body.
- Staring blankly.
- Losing control of their bladder or bowel.
- Becoming unresponsive.
- Falling over and loss of consciousness.
During a seizure, a child’s lips may also turn blue, and their breathing may become irregular.
Symptoms in babies
Epilepsy can occur from birth and can be particularly common in newborn babies up to the age of one month and babies born prematurely or with a low birth weight.
Recognising seizures in babies is not always easy, so diagnosing epilepsy at such a young age can sometimes be challenging.
Because babies’ brains are still developing, they may not present the same symptoms as an adult or older child during a seizure.
Some signs and symptoms of a seizure in babies under the age of 1 include:
- A jerking or stiff arm or leg.
- Upper body jerking forward.
- Both legs jerking upwards with knees bent.
- Change in facial expression, heart rate, or breathing.
- Unresponsive to stimuli like sound or movement.
It is more likely that symptoms are caused by epilepsy if they occur when the baby is asleep as well as when they are awake and if the baby experiences multiple occurrences of the same symptoms.
What to do if you notice any symptoms
If you recognise any signs or symptoms of seizures or epilepsy in someone that you know, it’s important to keep a record of these symptoms and seek further professional medical advice.
Seek urgent medical care by calling 999 if you or someone else is having a seizure for the first time, has multiple seizures one after another, or is having a seizure that lasts longer than 5 minutes.
Some symptoms of epilepsy are also symptoms of other health conditions, so it may not be possible to diagnose epilepsy straight away.
Most people have more than one seizure before they receive an epilepsy diagnosis.
It can be helpful to keep notes about the symptoms experienced. If the person has had a seizure, it’s useful to write down when the seizure occurred, how long it lasted and what happened, what they were doing before the incident, and how they felt before, during, and after.
How to get diagnosed with epilepsy
As well as reviewing an individual’s medical history and symptoms, a doctor may also send them for one or more of the following tests to look for further signs of epilepsy, to rule out other conditions, or to investigate the cause of the symptoms.
- Neurological exam – A doctor will test motor abilities, behaviour, and mental function.
- Blood tests – A check looking for signs of an infection or other genetic conditions that could cause seizures.
- Electroencephalogram (EEG) – the most common test used to diagnose epilepsy. An EEG checks for unusual electrical activity in the brain.
- CT scan – uses x-rays to look for abnormalities of the brain.
- MRI scan – uses magnets and radio waves to look for abnormalities of the brain.
When trying to get a diagnosis for a baby or young child it can be helpful to video the suspected symptoms of a seizure at home to replay for a doctor to review.
Once epilepsy has been diagnosed, treatment can begin to help to either prevent or reduce the frequency of seizures.
Epilepsy awareness training with CBAT
Learning the signs and symptoms of epilepsy can be particularly important for those who work in health or social care.
Understanding epilepsy and its symptoms can help health and social care professionals to recognise signs that individuals may have the condition or have experienced a seizure and ensure that they receive the appropriate medical care.
Here at Care Business Associate Training, we run a 3-hour online epilepsy awareness training session.
The session is run by qualified experts with plenty of practical experience working in the health and social care sector and is suitable for anyone who wants to learn more about recognising the symptoms of epilepsy and providing care for those with the condition.
The key topics that our epilepsy training session covers are:
- Different types of epilepsy and the symptoms of the condition.
- Epilepsy treatments.
- How to use the epilepsy medication Buccal Midazolam.
- Epilepsy first aid.
- Epilepsy care plans.
- Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy.
The training is held in an online virtual classroom using Zoom video software and advanced online classroom technology, providing a live learning experience that is engaging, informative, and interactive.
Book a place on our epilepsy training course online or find out more information about the course by speaking to our team on 01772 816 922 or by emailing admin@cba-training.co.uk.